Oral Cancer Treatment - Best Cancer Hospital in India

What is Oral Cancer?

Oral cancer is cancer of the mouth. It can occur in the lining of the mouth or in the deeper tissues such as the bone, muscle, and nerves. Cancer of the mouth lining is called a carcinoma and makes up 90% of all oral cancer. Cancer of the mouth is most common in people over 40 years of age, but it can occur in younger people.

Oral cancer is one of the most preventable cancers when caught early. Unfortunately, more people die from oral cancer than from cervical cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, or melanoma. This is because oral cancer is often diagnosed when it is already advanced. Early diagnosis and treatment is the most effective way to treat oral cancer.

 

Oral cancer symptoms

Some of the most common oral cancer symptoms and signs include:

• Persistent mouth sore: A sore in the mouth that does not heal is the most common symptom of oral cancer
• Pain: Persistent mouth pain is another common oral cancer sign
• A lump or thickening in the cheek
• A white or red patch on the gums, tongue, tonsil, or lining of the mouth
• A sore throat or feeling that something is caught in the throat that does not go away
• Difficulty swallowing or chewing
• Difficulty moving the jaw or tongue
• Numbness of the tongue or elsewhere in the mouth
• Jaw swelling that makes dentures hurt or fit poorly
• Loosening of the teeth
• Pain in the teeth or jaw
• •Voice changes
• A lump in the neck
• Weight loss
• Persistent bad breath

Diagnosis of Oral Cancer

A number of tests are performed for diagnosing mouth cancer that include –

·         Biopsy : A small tissue sample is taken in biopsy that is further sent to a laboratory for determining the type of cells and whether they are cancerous or non-cancerous.

·         Throat and Mouth Examination : A special instrument known as flexible laryngoscope is used for viewing within the throat and mouth.

Certain other tests are also required for determining the spread of the cancer. These tests are –

·         A Barium Swallow and Meal Test : This test requires a patient to swallow a drink having barium. An x-ray will present images of abnormal growths in the digestive system down to the stomach.

·         X-rays : X-rays are done of the lower and upper jaw or a chest x-ray can also be done.

·         Endoscopy : This test helps in viewing the body from within. An endoscope (a narrow and flexible tube having a telescopic camera) is used for performing this test.

·         Certain other biopsies of nearby lymph nodes are also done.

Oral Cancer Treatment in India 

Surgery

Surgery for mouth cancer may include:

·         Surgery to remove the tumor Your surgeon may cut away the tumor and a margin of healthy tissue that surrounds it. Smaller cancers may be removed through minor surgery. Larger tumors may require more-extensive procedures. For instance, removing a larger tumor may involve removing a section of your jawbone or a portion of your tongue.

·         Surgery to remove cancer that has spread to the neck If cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes in your neck, your surgeon may recommend a procedure to remove cancerous lymph nodes and related tissue in the neck (neck dissection).

·         Surgery to reconstruct the mouth After an operation to remove your cancer, your surgeon may recommend reconstructive surgery to restore the appearance of your face or to help you regain the ability to talk and eat. Your surgeon may transplant grafts of skin, muscle or bone from other parts of your body to reconstruct your face. Dental implants may replace your natural teeth.

Non-Surgery

·         Biological Therapy : The activity of the cancer cells is changed with the help of biological therapy. A type of biological therapy is known as Cetuximab that is also referred to as a monoclonal antibody. The surface of the cancer cells that triggers the development of cancer cells is blocked with the help of Cetuximab.

·         Radiotherapy : Radiotherapy uses doses of radiation to kill cancerous cells. It may be possible to remove the cancer using radiotherapy alone, but it is usually used after surgery to prevent the cancer from re-occurring.

Internal radiotherapy : Internal radiotherapy is a type of radiotherapy often used to treat cancers of the tongue that are in their early stages. It involves sticking radioactive wires or needles directly into the tumour while you are under a general anaesthetic (put to sleep). The wires or needles then release a dose of radiation into the tumour.

 

Chemotherapy : Chemotherapy is often used in combination with radiotherapy when the cancer is widespread, or if it is thought there is a significant risk of the cancer returning.Chemotherapy involves the use of powerful cancer-killing medicines.

Gamma Knife Radiosurgery in India

  Gamma Knife Radiosurgery - 

Gamma knife surgery is a type of radiation treatment performed with the Gamma Knife®, a noninvasive neurosurgical tool. Gamma knife surgery involves focusing small, highly precise doses of radiation into the brain. This shrinks small brain tumors or blocks abnormal blood vessels and nerves that cause pain or seizures. Gamma knife surgery can also treat some brain disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease.
Gamma knife surgery does not actually involve a knife or surgery. The name is derived from the knife-like precision of the radiation delivered to the target area. Gamma knife surgery is also called gamma knife radiosurgery or stereotactic radiosurgery.
Gamma knife surgery is an effective alternative to neurosurgery for some patients. Gamma knife surgery can help if you cannot tolerate neurosurgery because of your medical condition, age, or preference. It is less invasive and requires less hospitalization and recovery time than neurosurgery. Discuss all the procedure and surgery options with your doctor and consider getting a second opinion about all of your treatment choices before having gamma knife surgery.

Why is gamma knife surgery performed? 

Your doctor may recommend gamma knife surgery to treat some diseases and conditions of the brain. Your doctor may recommend gamma knife surgery to treat:

• Acoustic neuroma, a tumor of the nerve between the brain and the ear
• Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and other blood vessel disorders in the brain
• Brain tumors including some types of malignant and benign tumors
• Some types of cancer of the eye
• Epilepsy caused by a brain tumor. A brain tumor that causes epilepsy may be treated with gamma knife surgery if medications do not control seizures.
• Parkinson’s disease, a brain disorder that leads to uncontrollable shaking, muscle stiffness, and severe problems with coordination and balance
• Trigeminal neuralgia, a nerve disorder causing debilitating face pain

Advantages Of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery

·  Gamma Knife is a neurosurgical tool designed exclusively for the treatment of brain disorders. No head shaving

·  No incisions, No general anesthesia

·  The lesion being treated receives a high dose of radiation with minimum risk to nearby tissue and structures.

·  The absence of an incision eliminates the risk of haemorrhage and infection.

·  A secure head frame ensures safety and accuracy within half a millimeter

·  Hospitalization is short, typically an overnight stay or an outpatient surgical procedure. Patients can immediately resume their previous activities.

Best Hospital For Cervical Cancer Treatment in India

Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is the cancer that occurs in the cervix (vagina), which is the lowest part of women’s uterus. Cervical cancer develops when cells in the cervix begin to grow out of control and can then grow into nearby tissues or spread throughout the body. Cervical cancer takes years to develop. Uncontrollable growth and collection of cancerous cells leads to the formation of tumors. Some tumors are not cancer, because they cannot spread and are called benign tumors. The tumors that can spread throughout the body or affect tissues are considered cancer and are called malignant tumors. Cervical cancer is almost always caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Cervical cancer treatment hospitals in India lay down all the facts and figures about cervical cancer and its complications.

  Types of Cervical Cancer

 Squamous Cell Cancer

  Squamous cell cancer occurs in the skin-like cell called squamous, that covers the cervix. It is the most   common type of cervical cancer. It develops in the lining of the cervix. It is the most common type of cancer. Around, 70 to 80 percent of cervical cancers are squamous cell cancers.

 Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma is found in adenomatous cells that are scattered along the inside of the passageway that runs from the cervix to the womb. This is cancer of the endocervix - the inner area of the cervix. This develops from a glandular cell (a cell that makes mucus) within the cervical canal which becomes cancerous. This is less common type of cancer. About 10% to 20% of cervical cancers are adenocarcinomas. 

Cervical Cancer Treatments

Treatment of cervical cancer depends upon the type of cervical cancer and how far the cancerous cells are spread. After proper diagnosis of cervical cancer doctors recommend the treatment. Cervical cancer treatment hospitals in India have the best treatment facilities and low cost treatment is provided in top-class hospitals.

Surgery

Surgery is the common treatment for the women who have cervical cancer. Surgery is an option for women with Stage I or II cervical cancer. After surgery for cervical cancer you may feel tired and weak for a while. The time it takes to heal is different for each woman. Most women return to their normal activities within 4 to 8 weeks after surgery. One may have pain or discomfort for the first few days after surgery. Surgeons in cervical cancer surgery hospitals in India discuss the plan for pain relief with you as a health care team.

Radical Trachelectomy 

In trachelectomy only cervix is removed. Radical trachelectomy is an uncommon procedure and is often performed in young women with small tumor. This surgery is generally performed if the woman after the surgery wants to get pregnant. Radical trachelectomy preserves the ability of a woman to become pregnant. Some women with very early cervical cancer may decide with their surgeon to have only the cervix, part of the vagina, and the lymph nodes in the pelvis removed so they can get pregnant afterwards. After a trachelectomy, some women need to have a tube put into the bladder to drain urine. It usually can be removed a few days after surgery.

 Hysterectomy 

In hysterectomy uterus and cervix both are removed. Hysterectomy is of two types 

Total Hysterectomy 

In Total Hysterectomy, only cervix and uterus is removed.

Radical Hysterectomy
In Radical Hysterectomy, the uterus, about 2 cm of the upper vagina and the soft tissue around the cervix are removed. It also includes the removal of the lymph nodes. This surgery may affect bowel or bladder function due to damage to the nerves in this area.

Types of Brain Tumor Cancer and Treatment for Brain Tumor Cancer in India

Cancers of the brain are the consequence of abnormal growths of cells in the brain when normal cells in the brain change and grows uncontrollably, forming a mass. A brain tumor can be low grade (generally not cancerous and slower growing) or high grade (more likely to grow and spread quickly). In general, primary brain tumors, meaning those that start in the brain, do not spread outside.


Secondary brain tumors (also called brain metastases) are much more common than primary tumors. A secondary brain tumor is a cancerous tumor that started in another part of the body and then spread to the brain.

Types of Brain Tumor Cancer

 
Brain tumors are classified by the types of cells within the tumor. Each type of brain tumor grows and is treated in a different way.
 
The main types of brain tumors are as follows
Adenoma (Pituitary Gland)
Chordoma (Skull and Spine)
Craniopharyngioma (Pituitary gland)
Germ cell tumors, including Germinomas (Near the Pineal Gland)
Gliomas: This is the main group of brain tumors, occurring in 65% of cases. It includes:

Glioblastoma Multiforme (Glial Cells and Oligodendrocytes). This is the type of brain cancer found most often in adults.
Astrocytoma (Glial Cells of tissue that Supports Nerve Cells)
Oligodendroglioma (Oligodendrocytes in the Myelin Sheath Around Nerve Fibers in the Brain)
Ependymoma (the Ventricles in Tissue Lining the Spaces Within the Brain)
Hemangioblastoma (Cells that Develop into Blood Vessels)
Medulloblastoma (Cerebellum)
Meningioma (Meninges, The Layers of Tissue Covering the Brain)
Osteoma and Osteosarcoma (Bones of the Skull)
Pinealoma (Pineal Gland)
Pituitary Adenoma (Pituitary Gland)
Sarcoma (Connective Tissue)
Treatment for brain tumours Treatment aims to remove the tumour or at least slow its growth and relieve the symptoms. Some of the treatment options include:
Surgery – some tumours can be completely removed. In other cases, a tumour may have spread throughout the brain and may be very close to important structures in the brain. In this case, only pieces of it can be removed.
Radiotherapy – uses x-rays to kill cancer cells. In children, low doses are used because the x-rays can slow a child’s development and growth. Treatment is carefully planned to do as little harm as possible to normal body tissues.
 
Chemotherapy – uses anti-cancer drugs to stop the cancer cells from multiplying. Chemotherapy is rarely used for adults, but often used for children because of the possible side effects of radiotherapy.
Steroid therapy – uses medication to reduce the swelling around the tumour. These do not treat the tumour itself, but they do help to relieve the swelling and pressure caused by the tumour.
 
Complementary and alternative therapies – when used alongside your conventional cancer treatment, some of these therapies can make you feel better and improve quality of life. Others may not be so helpful and in some cases, may be harmful. The Cancer Council Victoria booklet called Understanding complementary therapies can be a useful resource.
 
All treatments have side effects. These will vary depending on the type of treatment you are having. Many side
effects are temporary, but some may be permanent. Your doctor will explain all the possible side effects before
your treatment begins.

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Best Hospital For Cervical Cancer Treatment in India

Cervical cancer originates in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus (womb) and opens into

the vagina. It arises from the cells present on the surface of the cervix.

 

Causes

Cervical cancer stands as the third most common type of cancer in women. The main cause is HPV (Human Papilloma Virus), a common virus that spreads through sexual intercourse.

Risk factors

* Having premature sex

* Having more than one sexual partner

* Poor socioeconomic status

* Weakened immune system

Symptoms

* Vaginal bleeding after menopause

* Foul-smelling vaginal discharge

* Bleeding after intercourse

* Heavy menstrual or intermenstrual bleeding

Symptoms of advanced cervical cancer

* Low backache

* Pain in the pelvis

* Exhaustion

* Excretion of urine or feces through the vagina

* Single swollen leg

* Loss of appetite

* Weight loss

Investigations

Screening tests

* For pre-cancer and cancer, Pap smear screens are effective, though not for final diagnosis.

* Colposcopy is carried out if abnormal changes are discovered. In this procedure, pieces of tissue are surgically removed (biopsy) and sent to a laboratory for examination under magnification.

Diagnosis tests

* Endocervical curettage (ECC) is used to examine the opening of the cervix

* Cone biopsy

* Punch biopsy from cervical growth

Staging tests

* Chest X-ray

* CT scan or MRI

* Cystoscopy

* Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)

Treatment plan

The treatment of cervical cancer depends on:

* Stage

* Size and shape of the tumour

* The woman's desire to have children in the future

* The woman's age and general health

Treatment of early cervical cancers

* To ensure that a woman can bear children in the future, removing the precancerous or cancerous tissue without removing the uterus or harming the cervix, can cure early cervical cancer.

* Pre-cancerous conditions are curable when followed up and administered proper treatment.

* 92 per cent of women with cervical cancer have a five-year survival rate.

Treatmentof advanced cervical cancers

* Radical hysterectomy: The uterus and much of the surrounding tissues are removed, including lymph nodes and the upper part of the vagina.

*Radiation therapy: It is used in cases where the cancer has spread beyond the pelvis, or cancer that has returned.

Radiation therapy is of two types:

* External radiation therapy is like an X-ray and delivers radiation from a large

 machine onto the part of the body where the cancer is located.

* Internal radiation therapy or brachytherapy entails placing a device filled with radioactive material inside the woman's vagina.

* Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and Image Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT) help deliver radiation to the tumour and adjacent tissues sparing nearby normal structures like urinary bladder, rectum and intestines and thus preventing long term complications.

* Chemotherapy uses drugs such as carboplatin, paclitaxel, 5-FU and cisplatin to destroy cervical cancer. It is generally used along with radiation to sensitize the tumour. Radiation and chemotherapy may be used before or after surgery.